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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1998 Dec 22;9526:15424-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15424.
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Metabolism to a response pathway selective retinoid ligand during axial pattern formation.
Pijnappel WW, Folkers GE, de Jonge WJ, Verdegem PJ, de Laat SW, Lugtenburg J, Hendriks HF, van der Saag PT, Durston AJ.
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We report identification of 9-cis-4-oxo-retinoic acid (9-cis-4-oxo-RA) as an in vivo retinoid metabolite in Xenopus embryos. 9-Cis-4-oxo-RA bound receptors (RARs) alpha, beta, and gamma as well as retinoid X receptors (RXRs) alpha, beta, and gamma in vitro. However, this retinoid displayed differential RXR activation depending on the response pathway used. Although it failed to activate RXRs in RXR homodimers, it activated RXRs and RARs synergistically in RAR-RXR heterodimers. 9-Cis-4-oxo-RA thus acted as a dimer-specific agonist. Considering that RAR-RXR heterodimers are major functional units involved in transducing retinoid signals during embryogenesis and that 9-cis-4-oxo-RA displayed high potency for modulating axial pattern formation in Xenopus, metabolism to 9-cis-4-oxo-RA may provide a mechanism to target retinoid action to this and other RAR-RXR heterodimer-mediated processes.
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