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Genes Dev
1998 Aug 01;1215:2345-53. doi: 10.1101/gad.12.15.2345.
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A novel homeobox gene, dharma, can induce the organizer in a non-cell-autonomous manner.
Yamanaka Y, Mizuno T, Sasai Y, Kishi M, Takeda H, Kim CH, Hibi M, Hirano T.
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The formation of Spemann organizer is one of the most important steps in dorsoventral axis determination in vertebrate development. However, whether the organizer forms autonomously or is induced non-cell-autonomously is controversial. In this report we have isolated a novel zebrafish homeobox gene, dharma, capable of inducing the organizer ectopically. The expression of dharma was first detected in several blastomeres at one side of the margin soon after the mid-blastula transition and continued in the dorsal side of the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) under the embryonic shield, the zebrafish organizer, until the onset of gastrulation. Furthermore, dharma expressed in the YSL induced the organizer in a non-cell-autonomous manner. These results provided the first identification of a zygotic gene to be implicated in the formation of an organizer-inducing center.
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Figure 1.
 Phenotypes of dharma mRNA-injected embryos. (A) dharma mRNA (5 pg)-injected embryos at 48 pfh. (Top) Normal embryo at 48 pfh. (Bottom)dharma mRNA-injected embryos with the Snh-like phenotype. (B–D) dharma RNA (12.5 pg)-injected embryos. (B) An embryo with football shape at 12 pfh. (C) An embryotail malformation at 24 pfh. (D) An embryo Snh-like phenotype at 24 pfh (dorsal view). (E) The double-axis phenotype in the Xenopus embryo induced by dharmaexpression. One-hundred picograms of dharma mRNA was injected into the ventral–vegetal cell with 40 pg of β-galactosidase mRNA. (White arrow head) Second axis. Out of 24 injected embryos, 9 embryos were normal, 11 contained double axes, 2 were dorsalized, and 2 had spina bifida. Of the 11 double-axis embryos, 9 exhibited X-gal staining only in the endoderm, and 2 exhibited X-gal staining in both the endoderm and the second axis. Control embryos injected with 100 pg of β-gal RNA were normal (data not shown).
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