Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Mol Cell Biol
1993 Feb 01;132:1296-305. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.2.1296-1305.1993.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Transcription elongation in the human c-myc gene is governed by overall transcription initiation levels in Xenopus oocytes.
Spencer CA, Kilvert MA.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Both transcription initiation and transcription elongation contribute to the regulation of steady-state c-myc RNA levels. We have used the Xenopus oocyte transcription assay to study premature transcription termination which occurs in the first exon and intron of the human c-myc gene. Previous studies showed that after injection into Xenopus oocytes transcription from the c-myc P1 promoter resulted in read-through transcripts whereas transcription from the stronger P2 promoter resulted in a combination of prematurely terminated and read-through transcripts. We now demonstrate that this promoter-specific processivity results from the overall amount of RNA polymerase II transcription occurring from either promoter. Parameters that reduce the amount of transcription from P1 or P2, such as decreased concentration of template injected or decreased incubation time, result in a reduction in the ratio of terminated to read-through c-myc transcripts. Conversely, when transcription levels are increased by higher concentrations of injected template, increased incubation time, or coinjection with competing template, the ratio of terminated to read-through transcripts increases. We hypothesize that an RNA polymerase II processivity function is depleted above a threshold level of transcription initiation, resulting in high levels of premature transcription termination. These findings account for the promoter-specific effects on transcription elongation previously seen in this assay system and suggest a mechanism whereby limiting transcription elongation factors may contribute to transcription regulation in other eukaryotic cells.
Bengal,
Role of the mammalian transcription factors IIF, IIS, and IIX during elongation by RNA polymerase II.
1991, Pubmed
Bengal,
Role of the mammalian transcription factors IIF, IIS, and IIX during elongation by RNA polymerase II.
1991,
Pubmed Bentley,
Sequence requirements for premature termination of transcription in the human c-myc gene.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Bentley,
A block to elongation is largely responsible for decreased transcription of c-myc in differentiated HL60 cells.
,
Pubmed Buratowski,
Five intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.
1989,
Pubmed Burton,
RAP30/74: a general initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II.
1988,
Pubmed Chafin,
Identification and purification of a yeast protein that affects elongation by RNA polymerase II.
1991,
Pubmed Challoner,
Expression of replication-dependent histone genes in avian spermatids involves an alternate pathway of mRNA 3'-end formation.
1989,
Pubmed Chen,
Identification and characterization of transcriptional arrest sites in exon 1 of the human adenosine deaminase gene.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Chen,
Sequence requirements for transcriptional arrest in exon 1 of the human adenosine deaminase gene.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Chinsky,
Adenosine deaminase gene expression. Tissue-dependent regulation of transcriptional elongation.
1989,
Pubmed Choder,
A general topoisomerase I-dependent transcriptional repression in the stationary phase in yeast.
1991,
Pubmed Fort,
Regulation of c-fos gene expression in hamster fibroblasts: initiation and elongation of transcription and mRNA degradation.
1987,
Pubmed Grayhack,
Phage lambda gene Q antiterminator recognizes RNA polymerase near the promoter and accelerates it through a pause site.
1985,
Pubmed Haley,
Contributory effects of de novo transcription and premature transcript termination in the regulation of human epidermal growth factor receptor proto-oncogene RNA synthesis.
1991,
Pubmed Hall,
Regulation of c-myc transcription in vitro: dependence on the guanine-rich promoter element ME1a1.
1990,
Pubmed Harland,
Transcription of DNA injected into Xenopus oocytes is influenced by template topology.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Hernandez,
Elements required for transcription initiation of the human U2 snRNA gene coincide with elements required for snRNA 3' end formation.
1988,
Pubmed Hernandez,
Formation of the 3' end of U1 snRNA requires compatible snRNA promoter elements.
1986,
Pubmed Izban,
Factor-stimulated RNA polymerase II transcribes at physiological elongation rates on naked DNA but very poorly on chromatin templates.
1992,
Pubmed Izban,
The RNA polymerase II ternary complex cleaves the nascent transcript in a 3'----5' direction in the presence of elongation factor SII.
1992,
Pubmed Kao,
Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product.
,
Pubmed Kerppola,
Intrinsic sites of transcription termination and pausing in the c-myc gene.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kerppola,
RNA polymerase: regulation of transcript elongation and termination.
1991,
Pubmed Kessler,
Elements modulating the block of transcription elongation at the adenovirus 2 attenuation site.
1989,
Pubmed Krystal,
Multiple mechanisms for transcriptional regulation of the myc gene family in small-cell lung cancer.
1988,
Pubmed Laspia,
HIV-1 Tat protein increases transcriptional initiation and stabilizes elongation.
1989,
Pubmed Lee,
DNA sequence requirements for generating paused polymerase at the start of hsp70.
1992,
Pubmed Lindsten,
Multiple mechanisms regulate c-myc gene expression during normal T cell activation.
1988,
Pubmed Lois,
Active beta-globin gene transcription occurs in methylated, DNase I-resistant chromatin of nonerythroid chicken cells.
1990,
Pubmed Marshall,
Control of formation of two distinct classes of RNA polymerase II elongation complexes.
1992,
Pubmed Mason,
Assembly of transcription elongation complexes containing the N protein of phage lambda and the Escherichia coli elongation factors NusA, NusB, NusG, and S10.
1991,
Pubmed Meulia,
Sequences in the human c-myc P2 promoter affect the elongation and premature termination of transcripts initiated from the upstream P1 promoter.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Middleton,
Premature termination of transcription can be induced on an injected alpha-tubulin gene in Xenopus oocytes.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Miller,
A cis-acting element in the promoter region of the murine c-myc gene is necessary for transcriptional block.
1989,
Pubmed Morrow,
Interleukin-7 induces N-myc and c-myc expression in normal precursor B lymphocytes.
1992,
Pubmed Nepveu,
Intragenic pausing and anti-sense transcription within the murine c-myc locus.
1986,
Pubmed Neuman de Vegvar,
Initiation and termination of human U1 RNA transcription requires the concerted action of multiple flanking elements.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Price,
Dynamic interaction between a Drosophila transcription factor and RNA polymerase II.
1989,
Pubmed Ramamurthy,
Sequence requirements for transcriptional arrest in exon 1 of the murine adenosine deaminase gene.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Reines,
Elongation factor-dependent transcript shortening by template-engaged RNA polymerase II.
1992,
Pubmed Reines,
Transcription elongation factor SII (TFIIS) enables RNA polymerase II to elongate through a block to transcription in a human gene in vitro.
1989,
Pubmed Resnekov,
RNA secondary structure is an integral part of the in vitro mechanism of attenuation in simian virus 40.
1989,
Pubmed Roberts,
Phage lambda and the regulation of transcription termination.
1988,
Pubmed Roberts,
Distinct modes of transcription read through or terminate at the c-myc attenuator.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Rougvie,
The RNA polymerase II molecule at the 5' end of the uninduced hsp70 gene of D. melanogaster is transcriptionally engaged.
1988,
Pubmed Selby,
Structure, sequence, and position of the stem-loop in tar determine transcriptional elongation by tat through the HIV-1 long terminal repeat.
1989,
Pubmed Sharp,
HIV TAR: an RNA enhancer?
1989,
Pubmed Shermoen,
Progression of the cell cycle through mitosis leads to abortion of nascent transcripts.
1991,
Pubmed Skarnes,
RNA polymerases stall and/or prematurely terminate nearby both early and late promoters on polyomavirus DNA.
1988,
Pubmed Sluder,
Properties of a Drosophila RNA polymerase II elongation factor.
1989,
Pubmed Spencer,
Transcription elongation and eukaryotic gene regulation.
1990,
Pubmed Spencer,
The block to transcription elongation is promoter dependent in normal and Burkitt's lymphoma c-myc alleles.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Walmsley,
Highly efficient beta globin transcription in the absence of both a viral enhancer and erythroid factors.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Watson,
A transcriptional arrest mechanism involved in controlling constitutive levels of mouse c-myb mRNA.
1988,
Pubmed Wiest,
In vitro analysis of a transcription termination site for RNA polymerase II.
1990,
Pubmed Wright,
Premature termination of transcription from the P1 promoter of the mouse c-myc gene.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
