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EMBO J
1991 Oct 01;1010:3043-50. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07855.x.
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DNA-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2A.X during nucleosome assembly in Xenopus laevis oocytes: involvement of protein phosphorylation in nucleosome spacing.
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ATP is required for physiological nucleosome alignment in chromatin reconstituted from high-speed nuclear supernatants of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Here we show that during in vitro nucleosome assembly the histone variant H2A.X becomes phosphorylated upon transfer onto DNA, a process which is also observed in vivo. Histone H2A.X phosphorylation increases in the early phase of the assembly reaction, reaching a steady state after approximately 16 min and is maintained with a half-life of the phosphate groups of approximately 2 h. After 6 h, the overall phosphorylation state of H2A.X is reduced, indicating that the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation ratio decreases considerably over time. Addition of alkaline phosphatase leads to a persistently lowered state of H2A.X phosphorylation, in contrast to other nuclear phosphoproteins which undergo rapid rephosphorylation. This suggests that H2A.X phosphorylation is a unique step in the histone-to-DNA transfer process. Selective inhibition of DNA-dependent phosphorylation of H2A.X and of other proteins causes a loss of the physiological 180 bp spacing.
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