Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Mol Cell Biol
1991 Oct 01;1110:5079-89. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.5079-5089.1991.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The thyroid hormone receptor gene (c-erbA alpha) is expressed in advance of thyroid gland maturation during the early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis.
Banker DE, Bigler J, Eisenman RN.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The c-erbA proto-oncogene encodes the thyroid hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent transcription factor which plays an important role in vertebrate growth and development. To define the role of the thyroid hormone receptor in developmental processes, we have begun studying c-erbA gene expression during the ontogeny of Xenopus laevis, an organism in which thyroid hormone has well-documented effects on morphogenesis. Using polymerase chain reactions (PCR) as a sensitive assay of specific gene expression, we found that polyadenylated erbA alpha RNA is present in Xenopus cells at early developmental stages, including the fertilized egg, blastula, gastrula, and neurula. By performing erbA alpha-specific PCR on reverse-transcribed RNAs from high-density sucrose gradient fractions prepared from early-stage embryos, we have demonstrated that these erbA transcripts are recruited to polysomes. Therefore, erbA is expressed in Xenopus development prior to the appearance of the thyroid gland anlage in tailbud-stage embryos. This implies that erbA alpha/thyroid hormone receptors may play ligand-independent roles during the early development of X. laevis. Quantitative PCR revealed a greater than 25-fold range in the steady-state levels of polyadenylated erbA alpha RNA across early stages of development, as expressed relative to equimolar amounts of total embryonic RNA. Substantial increases in the levels of erbA alpha RNA were noted at stages well after the onset of zygotic transcription at the mid-blastula transition, with accumulation of erbA alpha transcripts reaching a relative maximum in advance of metamorphosis. We also show that erbA alpha RNAs are expressed unequally across Xenopus neural tube embryos. This differential expression continues through later stages of development, including metamorphosis. This finding suggests that erbA alpha/thyroid hormone receptors may play roles in tissue-specific processes across all of Xenopus development.
Baker,
Accumulation of proto-oncogene c-erb-A related transcripts during Xenopus development: association with early acquisition of response to thyroid hormone and estrogen.
1990, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Baker,
Accumulation of proto-oncogene c-erb-A related transcripts during Xenopus development: association with early acquisition of response to thyroid hormone and estrogen.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Baldwin,
Regulation of acetylcholine receptor transcript expression during development in Xenopus laevis.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Baniahmad,
Modular structure of a chicken lysozyme silencer: involvement of an unusual thyroid hormone receptor binding site.
1990,
Pubmed Benbrook,
A novel thyroid hormone receptor encoded by a cDNA clone from a human testis library.
1987,
Pubmed Bisbee,
Albumin phylogeny for clawed frogs (Xenopus).
1977,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Blobel,
Dissociation of mammalian polyribosomes into subunits by puromycin.
1971,
Pubmed Brent,
Thyroid hormone aporeceptor represses T3-inducible promoters and blocks activity of the retinoic acid receptor.
1989,
Pubmed Brooks,
Structure and functional expression of a cloned Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Brown,
Synthesis and accumulation of DNA-like RNA during embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis.
1966,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Carr,
Thyroid hormones regulate rat thyrotropin beta gene promoter activity expressed in GH3 cells.
1989,
Pubmed Chatterjee,
Negative regulation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone alpha gene by thyroid hormone: receptor interaction adjacent to the TATA box.
1989,
Pubmed Chomczynski,
Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.
1987,
Pubmed Crone,
Alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors bind immediately adjacent to the rat growth hormone gene TATA box in a negatively hormone-responsive promoter region.
1990,
Pubmed Damm,
Protein encoded by v-erbA functions as a thyroid-hormone receptor antagonist.
1989,
Pubmed Durston,
Retinoic acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Dworkin,
Mobilization of specific maternal RNA species into polysomes after fertilization in Xenopus laevis.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Forman,
c-erbA protooncogenes mediate thyroid hormone-dependent and independent regulation of the rat growth hormone and prolactin genes.
1988,
Pubmed Forrest,
Contrasting developmental and tissue-specific expression of alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptor genes.
1990,
Pubmed Galton,
Putative nuclear triiodothyronine receptors in tadpole erythrocytes: regulation of receptor number by thyroid hormone.
1984,
Pubmed Galton,
Binding of thyroid hormones in vivo by hepatic nuclei of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles at different stages of metamorphosis.
1980,
Pubmed Glass,
A c-erb-A binding site in rat growth hormone gene mediates trans-activation by thyroid hormone.
,
Pubmed Glass,
The thyroid hormone receptor binds with opposite transcriptional effects to a common sequence motif in thyroid hormone and estrogen response elements.
1988,
Pubmed Glass,
Positive and negative regulation of gene transcription by a retinoic acid-thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer.
1989,
Pubmed Graf,
Role of the v-erbA and v-erbB oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus in erythroid cell transformation.
1983,
Pubmed Graupner,
Dual regulatory role for thyroid-hormone receptors allows control of retinoic-acid receptor activity.
1989,
Pubmed Izumo,
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha isoforms generated by alternative splicing differentially activate myosin HC gene transcription.
1988,
Pubmed Jansson,
Isolation and characterization of multiple human genes homologous to the oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus.
1983,
Pubmed Kawahara,
Thyroid hormone directly induces hepatocyte competence for estrogen-dependent vitellogenin synthesis during the metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Koenig,
Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a biologically active thyroid hormone receptor.
1988,
Pubmed Krieg,
The mRNA encoding elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1 alpha) is a major transcript at the midblastula transition in Xenopus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Lavin,
The thyroid hormone receptor binds to multiple domains of the rat growth hormone 5'-flanking sequence.
1988,
Pubmed Lazar,
Identification of a rat c-erbA alpha-related protein which binds deoxyribonucleic acid but does not bind thyroid hormone.
1988,
Pubmed Mathisen,
Thyroid hormone induction of keratin genes: a two-step activation of gene expression during development.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase McGrew,
Poly(A) elongation during Xenopus oocyte maturation is required for translational recruitment and is mediated by a short sequence element.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Mitsuhashi,
Alternative splicing generates messages encoding rat c-erbA proteins that do not bind thyroid hormone.
1988,
Pubmed Miyauchi,
Studies on thyroid hormones and their binding in bullfrog tadpole plasma during metamorphosis.
1977,
Pubmed Moriya,
Increase in 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)-binding sites in tadpole erythrocyte nuclei during spontaneous and T3-induced metamorphosis.
1984,
Pubmed Morris,
Thyroxine elicits divergent changes in mRNA levels for two urea cycle enzymes and one gluconeogenic enzyme in tadpole liver.
1987,
Pubmed Murray,
Isolation and characterization of rat cDNA clones for two distinct thyroid hormone receptors.
1988,
Pubmed Nakai,
Characterization of a thyroid hormone receptor expressed in human kidney and other tissues.
1988,
Pubmed Nishikawa,
Cell death in the anuran tadpole tail: thyroid hormone induces keratinization and tail-specific growth inhibition of epidermal cells.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Norman,
The rat growth hormone gene contains multiple thyroid response elements.
1989,
Pubmed Petty,
Identification of a thyroid hormone response element in the malic enzyme gene.
1990,
Pubmed Regard,
Plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in spontaneously metamorphosing Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and in adult anuran amphibia.
1978,
Pubmed Rosa,
Mix.1, a homeobox mRNA inducible by mesoderm inducers, is expressed mostly in the presumptive endodermal cells of Xenopus embryos.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Sap,
Repression of transcription mediated at a thyroid hormone response element by the v-erb-A oncogene product.
1989,
Pubmed Sap,
A major thyroid hormone response element in the third intron of the rat growth hormone gene.
1990,
Pubmed Sap,
The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone.
,
Pubmed Schueler,
Binding of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and its analogs to the in vitro translational products of c-erbA protooncogenes: differences in the affinity of the alpha- and beta-forms for the acetic acid analog and failure of the human testis and kidney alpha-2 products to bind T3.
1990,
Pubmed Schultz,
Triiodothyronine increases translatable albumin messenger RNA in Rana catesbeiana tadpole liver.
1988,
Pubmed Shi,
Developmental and thyroid hormone-dependent regulation of pancreatic genes in Xenopus laevis.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Shiokawa,
Association of maternal and newly synthesized ribosomes with membranous noncytoskeletal structures in Xenopus laevis embryonic cells.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Sive,
Progressive determination during formation of the anteroposterior axis in Xenopus laevis.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Sive,
Identification of a retinoic acid-sensitive period during primary axis formation in Xenopus laevis.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Strait,
Relationship of c-erbA mRNA content to tissue triiodothyronine nuclear binding capacity and function in developing and adult rats.
1990,
Pubmed Tabor,
DNA sequence analysis with a modified bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase.
1987,
Pubmed Tata,
Early metamorphic competence of Xenopus larvae.
1968,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Thompson,
Identification of a novel thyroid hormone receptor expressed in the mammalian central nervous system.
1987,
Pubmed Vennström,
Isolation and characterization of chicken DNA homologous to the two putative oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus.
1982,
Pubmed Wang,
Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction.
1989,
Pubmed Wangh,
Thyroid hormones are corequisites for estradiol-17beta in vitro induction of Xenopus vitellogenin synthesis and secretion.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Weinberger,
The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor.
,
Pubmed Wight,
Discrete positive and negative thyroid hormone-responsive transcription regulatory elements of the rat growth hormone gene.
1987,
Pubmed Yaoita,
A correlation of thyroid hormone receptor gene expression with amphibian metamorphosis.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Ye,
Rat growth hormone gene expression. Both cell-specific and thyroid hormone response elements are required for thyroid hormone regulation.
1988,
Pubmed Zenke,
v-erbA oncogene activation entails the loss of hormone-dependent regulator activity of c-erbA.
1990,
Pubmed Zilz,
Identification of multiple thyroid hormone response elements located far upstream from the rat S14 promoter.
1990,
Pubmed
