Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The acquisition and distribution of nerve fibres and of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors were examined in the myotomes of Xenopus laevis during normal development. This muscle is well-suited for investigating temporal relationships during neuromuscular synaptogenesis because the age of the Xenopus embryo at the onset of innervation can be assessed with an accuracy of about one hour. Myotomal nerve fibres were visualized after staining them with nitroblue tetrazolium and ACh receptors were examined after exposure to alpha-bungarotoxin labelled with 125I or fluorescent dye. Nerve fibres were seen in the myotomes of some embryos as early as stage 19 (20 . 75 hr) and in virtually all embryos by stage 24 (26 . 25 hr). From the outset they were located mainly at the ends of the myotomes, but some myotomes also exhibited nerve fibres in more central regions. ACh receptors were already present in myotomes by stage 19 (20 . 75 hr) and initially had a widespread, uniform distribution. The density of extrajunctional ACh receptors increased until stage 36 (50 hr) and then declined less than 3-fold over the next 10 days of development. Discrete patches of high ACh receptor density began to appear at the ends of the myotomes at stage 22 (24 hr) and were seen in almost all embryos by stage 26 (29 . 5 hr). ACh receptor patches were also seen in central regions of some myotomes and these were usually aligned in patterns which resembled the course of nerve fibres. The present findings suggest that myotomal muscle cells in Xenopus embryos begin to acquire ACh receptors shortly before the arrival of nerve fibres and that discrete patches of ACh receptors begin to form at presumptive synaptic sites on the average about 3 hr after the arrival of the nerve fibres. The latter delay is considerably shorter than that in developing rat muscle. The temporal and spatial relationships between nerve fibres and the development of ACh receptor patches in Xenopus myotomes in vivo are consistent with findings in Xenopus cell cultures which indicate that nerve fibres can rapidly induce ACh receptor localization at sites of nerve--muscle contact.
Anderson,
Effects of innervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells.
1977, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Anderson,
Effects of innervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells.
1977,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Anderson,
Fluorescent staining of acetylcholine receptors in vertebrate skeletal muscle.
1974,
Pubmed Anderson,
Correlation between acetylcholine receptor localization and spontaneous synaptic potentials in cultures of nerve and muscle.
1979,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Anderson,
Nerve-induced and spontaneous redistribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells.
1977,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Bekoff,
Acetylcholine hot spots: development on myotubes cultured from aneural limb buds.
1976,
Pubmed Bennett,
The formation of synapses in reinnervated and cross-reinnervated striated muscle during development.
1974,
Pubmed Bennett,
The formation of synapses in striated muscle during development.
1974,
Pubmed Bennett,
The growth of segmental nerves from the brachial myotomes into the proximal muscles of the chick forelimb during development.
1980,
Pubmed Berg,
Binding of -bungarotoxin to acetylcholine receptors in mammalian muscle (snake venom-denervated muscle-neonatal muscle-rat diaphragm-SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis).
1972,
Pubmed Berg,
Loss of alpha-bungarotoxin from junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors in rat diaphragm muscle in vivo and in organ culture.
1975,
Pubmed Betz,
Evolution of cholinergic proteins in developing slow and fast skeletal muscles in chick embryo.
1980,
Pubmed Bevan,
The distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites of mammalian skeletal muscle developing in vivo.
1977,
Pubmed Blackshaw,
Low resistance junctions between mesoderm cells during development of trunk muscles.
1976,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Blackshaw,
Onset of acetylcholine sensitivity and endplate activity in developing myotome muscles of Xenopus.
1976,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Braithwaite,
Neural influence on acetylcholine receptor clusters in embryonic development of skeletal muscles.
1979,
Pubmed Burden,
Development of the neuromuscular junction in the chick embryo: the number, distribution, and stability of acetylcholine receptors.
1977,
Pubmed Cohen,
Accumulation of acetylcholine receptors at nerve-muscle contacts in culture.
1979,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Dennis,
Development of the neuromuscular junction: inductive interactions between cells.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Dennis,
Development of neuromuscular junctions in rat embryos.
1981,
Pubmed DIAMOND,
A study of foetal and new-born rat muscle fibres.
1962,
Pubmed Fambrough,
Control of acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle.
1979,
Pubmed Filogamo,
The development of neuro-muscular correlations, in vertebrates.
1967,
Pubmed Frank,
Early events in neuromuscular junction formation in vitro: induction of acetylcholine receptor clusters in the postsynaptic membrane and morphology of newly formed synapses.
1979,
Pubmed Hamilton,
The formation of somites in Xenopus.
1969,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Harris,
Embryonic growth and innervation of rat skeletal muscles. III. Neural regulation of junctional and extra-junctional acetylcholine receptor clusters.
1981,
Pubmed Harris,
Embryonic growth and innervation of rat skeletal muscles. I. Neural regulation of muscle fibre numbers.
1981,
Pubmed Harris,
Embryonic growth and innervation of rat skeletal muscles. II. Neural regulation of muscle cholinesterase.
1981,
Pubmed Hayes,
Synaptic junction development in the spinal cord of an amphibian embryo: an electron microscope study.
1973,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase HUGHES,
The development of the primary sensory system in Xenopus laevis (Daudin).
1957,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kidokoro,
Changes in synaptic potential properties during acetylcholine receptor accumulation and neurospecific interactions in Xenopus nerve-muscle cell culture.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kidokoro,
Developmental changes of spontaneous synaptic potential properties in the rat neuromuscular contact formed in culture.
1980,
Pubmed Ko,
Denervated skeletal muscle fibers develop discrete patches of high acetylcholine receptor density.
1977,
Pubmed Kullberg,
Nonjunctional acetylcholine receptor channel open time decreases during development of Xenopus muscle.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kullberg,
Development of the myotomal neuromuscular junction in Xenopus laevis: an electrophysiological and fine-structural study.
1977,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kullberg,
Contribution of cholinesterase to developmental decreases in the time course of synaptic potentials at an amphibian neuromuscular junction.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Landmesser,
The development of motor projection patterns in the chick hind limb.
1978,
Pubmed Letinsky,
Histological staining of pre- and postsynaptic components of amphibian neuromuscular junctions.
1980,
Pubmed Lømo,
Acetylcholine sensitivity of developing ectopic nerve-muscle junctions in adult rat soleus muscles.
1980,
Pubmed MACKAY,
Observations on the terminal innervation of segmental muscle fibres in amphibia.
1960,
Pubmed Matthews-Bellinger,
Distribution of acetylcholine receptors at frog neuromuscular junctions with a discussion of some physiological implications.
1978,
Pubmed Mebs,
Amino acid sequence of -bungarotoxin from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus.
1971,
Pubmed Moody-Corbett,
Localization of cholinesterase at sites of high acetylcholine receptor density on embryonic amphibian muscle cells cultured without nerve.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Muntz,
Myogenesis in the trunk and leg during development of the tadpole of Xenopus laevis (Daudin 1802).
1975,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Peng,
Formation of ACh receptor clusters induced by positively charged latex beads.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Puro,
Synapse turnover: the formation and termination of transient synapses.
1977,
Pubmed Roberts,
The anatomy and function of 'free' nerve endings in an amphibian skin sensory system.
1977,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Spitzer,
Ion channels in development.
1979,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
