Ohta K, Lupo G, Kuriyama S, Keynes R, Holt CE, Harris WA, Tanaka H, Ohnuma SI.

070568 Wellcome Trust , Wellcome Trust , WT070568 Wellcome Trust

	Fig.1. Primary Structure and Expression of TSK(A) Phylogenetic tree of the SLRP family. We used human protein sequences, C-TSK, and X-TSK in a Clustal W analysis.(B) Schematic drawing of the primary structure of C-TSK. LRRs are indicated as circles. Cysteine residues are indicated as red bars. SP, signal peptide.(C) 11 leucine-rich repeats have been aligned and yield a C-TSK consensus sequence (indicated at bottom). Conservation of leucines has been calculated (%).(D–J) In situ hybridization with C-TSK.(D) Stage XIII. The expression is detected mainly in the epiblast of the area opaca and weakly in the hypoblast.(E) Stage 2. Expression in the newly formed primitive streak.(F) Late stage 3. Expression in the primitive streak.(G) Stage 4. Expression in the primitive streak (white arrowhead) and Hensen's node (black arrowhead).(H) Stage 7.(I) 8+ embryos. Strong expression in the newly formed somites.(J) Stage 25. Expression in wing and leg buds (black arrows), the edge of pharyngeal arch 2 (black arrowhead), and nasal pit (white arrowhead).(K) Stage 4. Localized expression of chordin in Hensen's node.(L) Expression of BMP4 at stage 4.(M and N) In situ hybridization with X-TSK at stage 10.5 (M) and stage 21/22 (N); br, branchial crest segment; ma, Mandibular crest segment; so, somite.(O–Q) In situ hybridization with Z-TSK at shield stage (O, lateral view; P, anterior view) and 10 somite stage (Q, lateral view).
	Fig.2. C-TSK Functions as a BMP Antagonist in Xenopus(A–F) C-TSK mRNA (400 pg) was injected into a ventral vegetal blastomere at the 8-cell stage and embryos were developed until stages 20 (A) and 31 (B). A transverse section (C) through the trunk region. In situ hybridization with actin (D), Pax2 (E), Pax6 (F) at stage 31.(G and H) VMZ explants injected with C-TSK were dissected at stage 10, cultured until stage 24, and subjected to in situ hybridization with muscle actin.(I–W) Animal cap assay.(I, L, O, R, and U) Marker expression in normal embryos at stage 21/22. Animal caps were prepared from stage 9 embryos that had been injected with 1.6 ng TSK (J, M, P, S, V) or control (K, N, Q, T, W). Animal caps were harvested at the time equivalent to stage 21/22 and hybridized with XK81 (I–K), XAG-1 (L–N), Sox2 (O–Q), Xotx2 (R–T), and actin (U–W) probes.(X–AA) Effect of C-TSK and BMP4 on dorsal-ventralization. After injection of the indicated constructs into 4 vegetal blastomeres at 8-cell stage, the effects on the D-V patterning were scored.(X) 1 ng of C-TSK (1 ng) per blastomere (DAI 6–7).(Y) 0.5 ng of BMP4 (DAI 0–3).(Z) 1 ng of C-TSK + 0.5 ng of BMP4 (DAI 4–5).(AA) 1 ng of C-TSK + 1 ng of BMP4 (DAI 0–2).(BB-EE) Effect of inhibition of BMP signal on TSK activity. After animal caps were prepared from stage 9 embryos that had been injected with 1.6 ng of C-TSK (BB), 3.2 ng of C-TSK + 0.8 ng of CA-Alk3 (CC), 4.8 ng of C-TSK + 0.8 ng of CA-Alk3 (DD), 2.5 ng of C-TSK + 0.5 ng of BMP4 (EE), expression of XAG-1 was analyzed.
	Fig.3. TSK Directly Binds to BMPs and Chordin(A) Western blot analysis of C-TSK-Myc-His, BMP4-Flag, and BMP7-Flag proteins used. C-TSK-Myc-His was treated with N-glycosidase F (lane 3).(B) Coimmunoprecipitation of C-TSK-Myc-His and BMP4-Flag or BMP7-Flag. After immunoprecipitation with nickel chelating resins, bound BMP-4 and BMP7 were detected by immunoblotting with anti-Flag antibody.(C) Competition assay. Coimmunoprecipitation of C-TSK-Myc-His and BMP4-Myc or BMP7-Myc in the presence or absence of BMP4-Flag.(D) Coimmunoprecipitation of C-TSK-Myc-His and activin-Flag, Vg1-Myc, or ADMP-Myc. After immunoprecipitation with His-tag, bound protein was detected by immunoblotting with anti-Flag or anti-Myc antibody.(E) Coimmunoprecipitation of C-TSK-Myc-His and chordin-HA, noggin-flag, or follistatin-Myc. After immunoprecipitation with His-tag, bound protein was detected by immunoblotting with anti-HA, anti-Flag, or anti-Myc antibody. Note that BMP4 enhances the binding between TSK and chordin.(F) The amount of BMP4 pulled down by C-TSK was increased in the presence of chordin. C-TSK-Myc-His was incubated with BMP4-Flag in the presence or absence of chordin. After immunoprecipitation with His-tag, bound BMP4-Flag was detected.(G) The amount of TSK pulled down by chordin was increased in the presence of BMP4. Chordin-Myc-His was incubated with C-TSK-Flag in the presence or absence of BMP4. After immunoprecipitation with His-tag, bound C-TSK was detected.(H) Synthetic mRNAs (1.2 ng of each RNA/embryo) encoding C-TSK-Myc-His, BMP4-Flag, or chordin-HA were injected into Xenopus embryos. Embryo extracts were subjected to SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions. Expression of proteins was analyzed by antibodies against their fused tags.(I) Synthetic mRNAs indicated in the figure were injected into all blastomeres of Xenopus embryos (lanes 1–5). TSK mRNA was injected in a blastomere while BMP4 and chordin mRNAs were injected another blastomere (lane 6). At stage 9, the embryos were treated with DTSSP and lysed. The embryo extracts were immunoprecipitated with an antibody against His tag and subjected to SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions. The blots were stained by the following antibodies: anti-Myc antibody (lanes 1–3), anti-FLAG antibody (lane 4), and anti-HA antibody (lanes 5 and 6).(J–L) Cooperative effect between C-TSK and chordin; 12.5 pg of C-TSK (J); 12.5 pg of C-TSK + 2.5 pg of Xenopus chordin (K); 2.5 pg of Xenopus chordin (L).
	Fig.5. Gene Silencing of TSK Results in the Inhibition of Organizer Formation(A) Transplantation scheme of siRNA experiments. A chick embryo was electroporated with siRNA and Fluorescein Dextran at stage 4 and the excised node was implanted into the equivalent position of the host embryo. The middle primitive streaks from another two donor embryos were excised and grafted halfway between the node and the lateral edge of the area pellucida of the host embryo.(B) COS-7 cells were transfected either with control or C-TSK siRNA plus a C-TSK-Myc expression plasmid. The supernatants were blotted and level of C-TSK protein was assessed.(C) Hensen's node at stage 4 was electroporated either with control or C-TSK siRNA. After excision of the nodes, it was implanted into the equivalent position of the host embryos. After 6 hr incubation, the implanted nodes were excised, and the level of C-TSK or chordin mRNA was determined by RT-PCR.(D and E) Fluorescein-labeled cells in host embryos before (D) or after (E) incubation.(F and G) After the performance of experiments according to the scheme in (A), the ectopic induction of chordin was examined by in situ hybridization.(F) Control siRNA. In the case of control siRNA, the middle primitive streak induced ectopic expression of chordin in 8/18 (44%), which is similar to embryos without electroporation, 11/25 (44%).(G) C-TSK siRNA. In the case of C-TSK siRNA, the middle primitive streak induced ectopic expression of chordin in 6/24 (25%).(H) X-TSK MO reduces X-TSK protein level. X-TSK or control MO was coinjected with mRNA of Myc-tagged X-TSK containing 5′ UTR into animal blastomeres of Xenopus embryos. Animal caps were dissected at stage 8–9 and harvested after 3 hr incubation. The level of X-TSK protein was analyzed by Western blotting using an anti-Myc antibody.(I–P) X-TSK MO reduces the area of neuroectoderm with an associated increase of epidermis. After injection of 10 ng of the indicated morpholino, its effect on expression of NCAM, XK81, or Xrx1 was analyzed by in situ hybridization.(O) 240 pg of C-TSK mRNA was coinjected.(P) 120 pg of Xenopus chordin mRNA was coinjected. The width of neuroectoderm at the anterior side of trunk was indicated by white lines. X-TSK MO resulted in 34% reduction of the width of neuroectoderm. This reduction was largely rescued by C-TSK (86%) or Xenopus chordin (102%).

Balemans, Extracellular regulation of BMP signaling in vertebrates: a cocktail of modulators. 2002, Pubmed, Xenbase

Balemans, Extracellular regulation of BMP signaling in vertebrates: a cocktail of modulators. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Casarosa, Xrx1, a novel Xenopus homeobox gene expressed during eye and pineal gland development. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chang, Twisted gastrulation can function as a BMP antagonist. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chapman, Improved method for chick whole-embryo culture using a filter paper carrier. 2001, Pubmed
Chapman, Analysis of spatial and temporal gene expression patterns in blastula and gastrula stage chick embryos. 2002, Pubmed
De Robertis, Molecular mechanisms of cell-cell signaling by the Spemann-Mangold organizer. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
De Robertis, The establishment of Spemann's organizer and patterning of the vertebrate embryo. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Eyal-Giladi, From cleavage to primitive streak formation: a complementary normal table and a new look at the first stages of the development of the chick. I. General morphology. 1976, Pubmed
Faure, Endogenous patterns of BMP signaling during early chick development. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
HAMBURGER, A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. 1951, Pubmed
Harland, Formation and function of Spemann's organizer. 1997, Pubmed
Hemmati-Brivanlou, Follistatin, an antagonist of activin, is expressed in the Spemann organizer and displays direct neuralizing activity. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Henry, Expression pattern and gene characterization of asporin. a newly discovered member of the leucine-rich repeat protein family. 2001, Pubmed
Hildebrand, Interaction of the small interstitial proteoglycans biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin with transforming growth factor beta. 1994, Pubmed
Hocking, Leucine-rich repeat glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. 1998, Pubmed
Hsu, The Xenopus dorsalizing factor Gremlin identifies a novel family of secreted proteins that antagonize BMP activities. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Joubin, Molecular interactions continuously define the organizer during the cell movements of gastrulation. 1999, Pubmed
Kao, The entire mesodermal mantle behaves as Spemann's organizer in dorsoanterior enhanced Xenopus laevis embryos. 1988, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kimmel, Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Klein, Selection for genes encoding secreted proteins and receptors. 1996, Pubmed
Kuriyama, Xerl, a novel CNS-specific secretory protein, establishes the boundary between neural plate and neural crest. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mu, Equarin, a novel soluble molecule expressed with polarity at chick embryonic lens equator, is involved in eye formation. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Oelgeschläger, The evolutionarily conserved BMP-binding protein Twisted gastrulation promotes BMP signalling. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ohta, Embryonic lens repels retinal ganglion cell axons. 1999, Pubmed
Onichtchouk, Silencing of TGF-beta signalling by the pseudoreceptor BAMBI. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Piccolo, Dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus: inhibition of ventral signals by direct binding of chordin to BMP-4. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Psychoyos, Restoration of the organizer after radical ablation of Hensen's node and the anterior primitive streak in the chick embryo. 1996, Pubmed
Sasai, Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Scott, Bone morphogenetic protein-1 processes probiglycan. 2000, Pubmed
Shah, Misexpression of chick Vg1 in the marginal zone induces primitive streak formation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shimizu, Transformation by Wnt family proteins correlates with regulation of beta-catenin. 1997, Pubmed
Skromne, A hierarchy of gene expression accompanying induction of the primitive streak by Vg1 in the chick embryo. 2002, Pubmed
Smith, Expression cloning of noggin, a new dorsalizing factor localized to the Spemann organizer in Xenopus embryos. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Streit, Initiation of neural induction by FGF signalling before gastrulation. 2000, Pubmed
Streit, Chordin regulates primitive streak development and the stability of induced neural cells, but is not sufficient for neural induction in the chick embryo. 1998, Pubmed
Vignali, Xotx5b, a new member of the Otx gene family, may be involved in anterior and eye development in Xenopus laevis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yamaguchi, Negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta by the proteoglycan decorin. 1990, Pubmed
Yang, Cell movement patterns during gastrulation in the chick are controlled by positive and negative chemotaxis mediated by FGF4 and FGF8. 2002, Pubmed
Yeo, Nodal signals to Smads through Cripto-dependent and Cripto-independent mechanisms. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zimmerman, The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase