Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The retinoid receptors have major roles throughout development, even in the absence of ligand. Here, we summarize an emerging theme whereby gene repression, mediated by unliganded retinoid receptors, can dictate cell fate. In addition to activating transcription, retinoid receptors actively repress gene transcription by recruiting cofactors that promote chromatin compaction. Two developmental processes for which gene silencing by the retinoid receptors is essential are head formation in Xenopus and skeletal development in the mouse. Inappropriate repression, by oncogenic retinoic acid (RA)**Abbreviations used in this paper: APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; dnRARalpha, dominant-negative version of the RARalpha; E, embryonic age; HDAC, histone deacetylase; LCoR, ligand-dependent corepressor; NCoR, nuclear receptor corepressor; RA, retinoic acid; RAR, RA receptor; RARE, RXR homodimer bound to bipartite response element; RXR, retinoid X receptor; TSA, trichostatin A; CYP26, cytochrome p450, 26; TR, thyroid hormone receptor. receptor (RAR) fusion proteins, blocks myeloid differentiation leading to a rare form of leukemia. Our current understanding of the developmental role of retinoid repression and future perspectives in this field are discussed.
Abu-Abed,
Differential expression of the retinoic acid-metabolizing enzymes CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 during murine organogenesis.
2002, Pubmed
Abu-Abed,
Differential expression of the retinoic acid-metabolizing enzymes CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 during murine organogenesis.
2002,
Pubmed Abu-Abed,
The retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, is essential for normal hindbrain patterning, vertebral identity, and development of posterior structures.
2001,
Pubmed Ahrens,
Stage-related capacity for limb chondrogenesis in cell culture.
1977,
Pubmed Ahringer,
NuRD and SIN3 histone deacetylase complexes in development.
2000,
Pubmed Bendall,
Roles for Msx and Dlx homeoproteins in vertebrate development.
2000,
Pubmed Blumberg,
An essential role for retinoid signaling in anteroposterior neural patterning.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Brondani,
Promoter of FGF8 reveals a unique regulation by unliganded RARalpha.
2002,
Pubmed Cash,
Retinoic acid receptor alpha function in vertebrate limb skeletogenesis: a modulator of chondrogenesis.
1997,
Pubmed Chen,
SMRT isoforms mediate repression and anti-repression of nuclear receptor heterodimers.
1996,
Pubmed Collins,
Retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells is mediated directly through the retinoic acid receptor (RAR-alpha).
1990,
Pubmed Davidson,
The function and evolution of Msx genes: pointers and paradoxes.
1995,
Pubmed Ellinger-Ziegelbauer,
The pattern of retinoic acid receptor gamma (RAR gamma) expression in normal development of Xenopus laevis and after manipulation of the main body axis.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Ellinger-Ziegelbauer,
A retinoic acid receptor expressed in the early development of Xenopus laevis.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Fernandes,
Ligand-dependent nuclear receptor corepressor LCoR functions by histone deacetylase-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
2003,
Pubmed Germain,
Co-regulator recruitment and the mechanism of retinoic acid receptor synergy.
2002,
Pubmed Glass,
The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors.
2000,
Pubmed Grignani,
The acute promyelocytic leukemia-specific PML-RAR alpha fusion protein inhibits differentiation and promotes survival of myeloid precursor cells.
1993,
Pubmed Hashimoto,
An unliganded thyroid hormone receptor causes severe neurological dysfunction.
2001,
Pubmed Hauksdottir,
Retinoic acid receptors beta and gamma do not repress, but instead activate target gene transcription in both the absence and presence of hormone ligand.
2003,
Pubmed Hermanson,
N-CoR controls differentiation of neural stem cells into astrocytes.
2002,
Pubmed Hollemann,
Regionalized metabolic activity establishes boundaries of retinoic acid signalling.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Hörlein,
Ligand-independent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor.
1995,
Pubmed Hu,
Msx homeobox genes inhibit differentiation through upregulation of cyclin D1.
2001,
Pubmed Huang,
Nuclear receptor corepressors partner with class II histone deacetylases in a Sin3-independent repression pathway.
2000,
Pubmed Jepsen,
Combinatorial roles of the nuclear receptor corepressor in transcription and development.
2000,
Pubmed Koide,
Active repression of RAR signaling is required for head formation.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kurokawa,
Polarity-specific activities of retinoic acid receptors determined by a co-repressor.
1995,
Pubmed Lagger,
Essential function of histone deacetylase 1 in proliferation control and CDK inhibitor repression.
2002,
Pubmed Lee,
Transcriptional regulatory networks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
2002,
Pubmed Leid,
Multiplicity generates diversity in the retinoic acid signalling pathways.
1992,
Pubmed Lin,
Transcriptional regulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
2001,
Pubmed Llopis,
Ligand-dependent interactions of coactivators steroid receptor coactivator-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor binding protein with nuclear hormone receptors can be imaged in live cells and are required for transcription.
2000,
Pubmed Lohnes,
Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants.
1994,
Pubmed Mannervik,
Transcriptional coregulators in development.
1999,
Pubmed Mark,
A genetic dissection of the retinoid signalling pathway in the mouse.
1999,
Pubmed Mendelsohn,
Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (II). Multiple abnormalities at various stages of organogenesis in RAR double mutants.
1994,
Pubmed Mina,
Downregulation of Msx-2 expression results in chondrogenesis in the medial region of the avian mandible.
1996,
Pubmed Niederreither,
Genetic evidence that oxidative derivatives of retinoic acid are not involved in retinoid signaling during mouse development.
2002,
Pubmed Onodera,
Overexpression of retinoic acid receptor alpha suppresses myeloid cell differentiation at the promyelocyte stage.
1995,
Pubmed Pera,
A direct screen for secreted proteins in Xenopus embryos identifies distinct activities for the Wnt antagonists Crescent and Frzb-1.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Pfeffer,
Regional specificity of RAR gamma isoforms in Xenopus development.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Ren,
Genome-wide location and function of DNA binding proteins.
2000,
Pubmed Ross,
Retinoids in embryonal development.
2000,
Pubmed Rousselot,
The PML-RAR alpha gene product of the t(15;17) translocation inhibits retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation and mediated transactivation in human myeloid cells.
1994,
Pubmed Sachs,
Involvement of histone deacetylase at two distinct steps in gene regulation during intestinal development in Xenopus laevis.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Sachs,
Nuclear receptor corepressor recruitment by unliganded thyroid hormone receptor in gene repression during Xenopus laevis development.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Sasai,
Ectodermal patterning in vertebrate embryos.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Shen,
Characterization of the human MSX-1 promoter and an enhancer responsible for retinoic acid induction.
1994,
Pubmed Sucov,
Retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors in development.
1995,
Pubmed Tsai,
A dominant negative retinoic acid receptor blocks neutrophil differentiation at the promyelocyte stage.
1993,
Pubmed Underhill,
Retinoids and their receptors in skeletal development.
1998,
Pubmed Underhill,
Retinoids and mouse embryonic development.
1995,
Pubmed Walkley,
Retinoic acid receptor antagonism in vivo expands the numbers of precursor cells during granulopoiesis.
2002,
Pubmed Weston,
Requirement for RAR-mediated gene repression in skeletal progenitor differentiation.
2002,
Pubmed Weston,
Regulation of skeletal progenitor differentiation by the BMP and retinoid signaling pathways.
2000,
Pubmed Wolf,
Multiple functions of vitamin A.
1984,
Pubmed Zelent,
Translocations of the RARalpha gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
2001,
Pubmed Zile,
Vitamin A and embryonic development: an overview.
1998,
Pubmed Zile,
Function of vitamin A in vertebrate embryonic development.
2001,
Pubmed
