Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Chromosoma
2007 Aug 01;1164:349-72. doi: 10.1007/s00412-007-0101-0.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The three-dimensional structure of in vitro reconstituted Xenopus laevis chromosomes by EM tomography.
König P, Braunfeld MB, Sedat JW, Agard DA.
???displayArticle.abstract???
We have studied the in vitro reconstitution of sperm nuclei and small DNA templates to mitotic chromatin in Xenopus laevis egg extracts by three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy (EM) tomography. Using specifically developed software, the reconstituted chromatin was interpreted in terms of nucleosomal patterns and the overall chromatin connectivity. The condensed chromatin formed from small DNA templates was characterized by aligned arrays of packed nucleosomal clusters having a typical 10-nm spacing between nucleosomes within the same cluster and a 30-nm spacing between nucleosomes in different clusters. A similar short-range nucleosomal clustering was also observed in condensed chromosomes; however, the clusters were smaller, and they were organized in 30- to 40-nm large domains. An analysis of the overall chromatin connectivity in condensed chromosomes showed that the 30-40-nm domains are themselves organized into a regularly spaced and interconnected 3D chromatin network that extends uniformly throughout the chromosomal volume, providing little indication of a systematic large-scale organization. Based on their topology and high degree of interconnectedness, it is unlikely that 30-40-nm domains arise from the folding of local stretches of nucleosomal fibers. Instead, they appear to be formed by the close apposition of more distant chromatin segments. By combining 3D immunolabeling and EM tomography, we found topoisomerase II to be randomly distributed within this network, while the stable maintenance of chromosomes head domain of condensin was preferentially associated with the 30-40-nm chromatin domains. These observations suggest that 30-40-nm domains are essential for establishing long-range chromatin associations that are central for chromosome condensation.
Adolph,
Assembly of chromatin fibers into metaphase chromosomes analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
1986, Pubmed
Adolph,
Assembly of chromatin fibers into metaphase chromosomes analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
1986,
Pubmed Akhmedov,
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein C-terminal domains bind preferentially to DNA with secondary structure.
1998,
Pubmed Akhmedov,
Mammalian SMC3 C-terminal and coiled-coil protein domains specifically bind palindromic DNA, do not block DNA ends, and prevent DNA bending.
1999,
Pubmed Almagro,
The mitotic chromosome is an assembly of rigid elastic axes organized by structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins and surrounded by a soft chromatin envelope.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Anderson,
Condensin and cohesin display different arm conformations with characteristic hinge angles.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Ball,
The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins in mammals.
2001,
Pubmed Bazett-Jones,
Efficient supercoiling of DNA by a single condensin complex as revealed by electron spectroscopic imaging.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Bednar,
Nucleosomes, linker DNA, and linker histone form a unique structural motif that directs the higher-order folding and compaction of chromatin.
1998,
Pubmed Belmont,
A three-dimensional approach to mitotic chromosome structure: evidence for a complex hierarchical organization.
1987,
Pubmed Belmont,
Large-scale chromatin structural domains within mitotic and interphase chromosomes in vivo and in vitro.
1989,
Pubmed Bode,
From DNA structure to gene expression: mediators of nuclear compartmentalization and dynamics.
2003,
Pubmed Butler,
Dinucleosomes show compaction by ionic strength, consistent with bending of linker DNA.
1998,
Pubmed Chen,
IVE (Image Visualization Environment): a software platform for all three-dimensional microscopy applications.
1996,
Pubmed Cuvier,
A role of topoisomerase II in linking DNA replication to chromosome condensation.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Dong,
Nucleosome positioning is determined by the (H3-H4)2 tetramer.
1991,
Pubmed Dorigo,
Nucleosome arrays reveal the two-start organization of the chromatin fiber.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Dubochet,
Nucleosome arcs and helices.
1978,
Pubmed Earnshaw,
Localization of topoisomerase II in mitotic chromosomes.
1985,
Pubmed el-Alfy,
DNA changes involved in the formation of metaphase chromosomes, as observed in mouse duodenal crypt cells stained by osmium-ammine. I. New structures arise during the S phase and condense at prophase into "chromomeres," which fuse at prometaphase into mitotic chromosomes.
1995,
Pubmed el-Alfy,
Subdivision of the mitotic cycle into eleven stages, on the basis of the chromosomal changes observed in mouse duodenal crypt cells stained by the DNA-specific Feulgen reaction.
1994,
Pubmed Finch,
Solenoidal model for superstructure in chromatin.
1976,
Pubmed Finch,
Structure of nucleosome core particles of chromatin.
1977,
Pubmed Fung,
Toward fully automated high-resolution electron tomography.
1996,
Pubmed Gasser,
Metaphase chromosome structure. Involvement of topoisomerase II.
1986,
Pubmed Giannasca,
Transitions between in situ and isolated chromatin.
1993,
Pubmed Harauz,
Three-dimensional reconstruction of a human metaphase chromosome from electron micrographs.
1987,
Pubmed Hirano,
A heterodimeric coiled-coil protein required for mitotic chromosome condensation in vitro.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Hirano,
Condensins, chromosome condensation protein complexes containing XCAP-C, XCAP-E and a Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila Barren protein.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Hirano,
Topoisomerase II does not play a scaffolding role in the organization of mitotic chromosomes assembled in Xenopus egg extracts.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Horowitz,
The three-dimensional architecture of chromatin in situ: electron tomography reveals fibers composed of a continuously variable zig-zag nucleosomal ribbon.
1994,
Pubmed Horowitz,
Automated electron microscope tomography of frozen-hydrated chromatin: the irregular three-dimensional zigzag architecture persists in compact, isolated fibers.
1997,
Pubmed Houchmandzadeh,
Elasticity measurements show the existence of thin rigid cores inside mitotic chromosomes.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Hudson,
Condensin is required for nonhistone protein assembly and structural integrity of vertebrate mitotic chromosomes.
2003,
Pubmed Iwano,
Globular and fibrous structure in barley chromosomes revealed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy.
1997,
Pubmed Jones,
Improved methods for building protein models in electron density maps and the location of errors in these models.
1991,
Pubmed Kimura,
13S condensin actively reconfigures DNA by introducing global positive writhe: implications for chromosome condensation.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kimura,
Chromosome condensation by a human condensin complex in Xenopus egg extracts.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kimura,
Phosphorylation and activation of 13S condensin by Cdc2 in vitro.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kimura,
ATP-dependent positive supercoiling of DNA by 13S condensin: a biochemical implication for chromosome condensation.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kimura,
Dual roles of the 11S regulatory subcomplex in condensin functions.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Kireeva,
Visualization of early chromosome condensation: a hierarchical folding, axial glue model of chromosome structure.
2004,
Pubmed König,
Use of surface affinity enrichment and cryo-embedding to prepare in vitro reconstituted mitotic chromosomes for EM tomography.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Koshland,
Mitotic chromosome condensation.
1996,
Pubmed Krajewski,
Modulation of the higher-order folding of chromatin by deletion of histone H3 and H4 terminal domains.
1996,
Pubmed Legagneux,
Multiple roles of Condensins: a complex story.
2004,
Pubmed Löwe,
Crystal structure of the SMC head domain: an ABC ATPase with 900 residues antiparallel coiled-coil inserted.
2001,
Pubmed Luger,
Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution.
1997,
Pubmed Maeshima,
A two-step scaffolding model for mitotic chromosome assembly.
2003,
Pubmed Maeshima,
Chromosome structure: improved immunolabeling for electron microscopy.
2005,
Pubmed Maresca,
Histone H1 is essential for mitotic chromosome architecture and segregation in Xenopus laevis egg extracts.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Maruyama,
Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy of the chromosomes in Vicia faba (broad beans).
1983,
Pubmed McDowall,
Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified chromosomes in situ.
1986,
Pubmed Micheli,
Chromosome length and DNA loop size during early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Mullinger,
Disassembly of the mammalian metaphase chromosome into its subunits: studies with ultraviolet light and repair synthesis inhibitors.
1987,
Pubmed Murray,
Cell cycle extracts.
1991,
Pubmed Ohsumi,
Chromosome condensation in Xenopus mitotic extracts without histone H1.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Olins,
Visualization of nucleosomes in thin sections by stereo electron microscopy.
1980,
Pubmed Ono,
Spatial and temporal regulation of Condensins I and II in mitotic chromosome assembly in human cells.
2004,
Pubmed Ono,
Differential contributions of condensin I and condensin II to mitotic chromosome architecture in vertebrate cells.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Pettersen,
UCSF Chimera--a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis.
2004,
Pubmed Philpott,
Nucleoplasmin remodels sperm chromatin in Xenopus egg extracts.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Poirier,
Mitotic chromosomes are chromatin networks without a mechanically contiguous protein scaffold.
2002,
Pubmed Poljak,
Resolving the role of topoisomerase II in chromatin structure and function.
1995,
Pubmed Pope,
Proteolysis of mitotic chromosomes induces gradual and anisotropic decondensation correlated with a reduction of elastic modulus and structural sensitivity to rarely cutting restriction enzymes.
2006,
Pubmed Prigent,
Phosphorylation of serine 10 in histone H3, what for?
2003,
Pubmed Pyne,
Reorganization of chromatin in Xenopus egg extracts: electron microscopic studies.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Ramakrishnan,
Histone H1 and chromatin higher-order structure.
1997,
Pubmed Rattner,
Radial loops and helical coils coexist in metaphase chromosomes.
1985,
Pubmed Robinson,
EM measurements define the dimensions of the "30-nm" chromatin fiber: evidence for a compact, interdigitated structure.
2006,
Pubmed Sakai,
Condensin but not cohesin SMC heterodimer induces DNA reannealing through protein-protein assembly.
2003,
Pubmed Schalch,
X-ray structure of a tetranucleosome and its implications for the chromatin fibre.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Stack,
A model for chromosome structure during the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles.
2001,
Pubmed Sumner,
The distribution of topoisomerase II on mammalian chromosomes.
1996,
Pubmed Sutani,
DNA renaturation activity of the SMC complex implicated in chromosome condensation.
1997,
Pubmed Swedlow,
The making of the mitotic chromosome: modern insights into classical questions.
2003,
Pubmed Swedlow,
Multiple chromosomal populations of topoisomerase II detected in vivo by time-lapse, three-dimensional wide-field microscopy.
1993,
Pubmed Taniguchi,
High-order structure of metaphase chromosomes: evidence for a multiple coiling model.
1986,
Pubmed Thoma,
Involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the nucleosome and of the salt-dependent superstructures of chromatin.
1979,
Pubmed Uhlmann,
A silent revolution in chromosome biology.
2014,
Pubmed Vassetzky,
Topoisomerase II forms multimers in vitro: effects of metals, beta-glycerophosphate, and phosphorylation of its C-terminal domain.
1994,
Pubmed Wang,
Condensin binding at distinct and specific chromosomal sites in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome.
2005,
Pubmed Ward,
Deoxyribonucleic acid loop domain tertiary structure in mammalian spermatozoa.
1993,
Pubmed Wolffe,
Chromatin assembly.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Woodcock,
Role of linker histone in chromatin structure and function: H1 stoichiometry and nucleosome repeat length.
2006,
Pubmed Yao,
Direct detection of linker DNA bending in defined-length oligomers of chromatin.
1990,
Pubmed Zheng,
Structures and interactions of the core histone tail domains.
2003,
Pubmed Zhimulev,
Intercalary heterochromatin and genetic silencing.
2003,
Pubmed ZOBEL,
Electron stains. I. Chemical studies on the interaction of DNA with uranyl salts.
1961,
Pubmed
