Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, causes chytridiomycosis and is a major contributor to global amphibian declines. Although amphibians have robust immune defenses, clearance of this pathogen is impaired. Because inhibition of host immunity is a common survival strategy of pathogenic fungi, we hypothesized that B. dendrobatidis evades clearance by inhibiting immune functions. We found that B. dendrobatidis cells and supernatants impaired lymphocyte proliferation and induced apoptosis; however, fungal recognition and phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils was not impaired. Fungal inhibitory factors were resistant to heat, acid, and protease. Their production was absent in zoospores and reduced by nikkomycin Z, suggesting that they may be components of the cell wall. Evasion of host immunity may explain why this pathogen has devastated amphibian populations worldwide.
Ben-Ami,
Enemy of the (immunosuppressed) state: an update on the pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus infection.
2010, Pubmed
Ben-Ami,
Enemy of the (immunosuppressed) state: an update on the pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus infection.
2010,
Pubmed Berger,
Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America.
1998,
Pubmed Brown,
Innate antifungal immunity: the key role of phagocytes.
2011,
Pubmed Campanelli,
Fas-Fas ligand (CD95-CD95L) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 engagement mediate T cell unresponsiveness in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.
2003,
Pubmed Collette,
Mechanisms of immune evasion in fungal pathogens.
2011,
Pubmed Collins,
Amphibian decline and extinction: what we know and what we need to learn.
2010,
Pubmed Degterev,
Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury.
2005,
Pubmed Du Toit,
Fungal pathogenesis: escaping elimination.
2013,
Pubmed Gaughran,
Nikkomycin Z is a specific inhibitor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chitin synthase isozyme Chs3 in vitro and in vivo.
1994,
Pubmed Joneson,
Genomic transition to pathogenicity in chytrid fungi.
2011,
Pubmed Klis,
Dynamics of cell wall structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
2002,
Pubmed Mazzoni,
Emerging pathogen of wild amphibians in frogs (Rana catesbeiana) farmed for international trade.
2003,
Pubmed Morales,
Bacterial stimulation upregulates the surface expression of the stress protein gp96 on B cells in the frog Xenopus.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Pericolini,
Involvement of glycoreceptors in galactoxylomannan-induced T cell death.
2009,
Pubmed Pessier,
Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs (Dendrobates spp.) and White's tree frogs (Litoria caerulea).
1999,
Pubmed Ramsey,
Immune defenses against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungus linked to global amphibian declines, in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Rappleye,
Histoplasma capsulatum alpha-(1,3)-glucan blocks innate immune recognition by the beta-glucan receptor.
2007,
Pubmed Ribas,
Expression profiling the temperature-dependent amphibian response to infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Rollins-Smith,
During frog ontogeny, PHA and Con A responsiveness of splenocytes precedes that of thymocytes.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Rollins-Smith,
Activity of antimicrobial skin peptides from ranid frogs against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the chytrid fungus associated with global amphibian declines.
2002,
Pubmed Rollins-Smith,
Amphibian immune defenses against chytridiomycosis: impacts of changing environments.
2011,
Pubmed Rosenblum,
Genome-wide transcriptional response of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis to infection with the deadly chytrid fungus.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Vecchiarelli,
Capsular Material of Cryptococcus neoformans: Virulence and Much More.
2012,
Pubmed Vermes,
A novel assay for apoptosis. Flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled Annexin V.
1995,
Pubmed Voyles,
Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines.
2009,
Pubmed Voyles,
Interactions between Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its amphibian hosts: a review of pathogenesis and immunity.
2011,
Pubmed Weldon,
Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
