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Cell Dev Biol
2014 Feb 15;31:. doi: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000133.
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Embryonic Expression and Function of the Xenopus Ink4d Cyclin D-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor.
Doherty JR, Nilsson LM, Kuliyev E, Zhu H, Matthew R, Cleveland JL, Mead PE, Roussel MF.
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Here we report the cloning and functional characterization of the cyclin D-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (Cdk4/6) inhibitory protein Cdkn2d/p19Ink4d of Xenopuslaevis (Xl-Ink4d). Xl-Ink4d is the only Ink4 family gene highly expressed during Xenopus development and its transcripts were detected maternally and during neurulation. The Xl-Ink4d protein has 63% identity to mouse and human Cdkn2d/p19Ink4d and its function as a negative regulator of cell cycle traverse is evolutionary conserved. Indeed, Xl-lnk4d can functionally substitute for mouse Cdkn2d in binding to mouse Cdk4 and inhibiting cyclin-D1-dependent CDK4 kinase activity. Further, enforced expression of Xl-lnk4d arrests mouse fibroblasts in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. These findings indicate that CDKN2d/p19Ink4d is conserved through vertebrate evolution and suggest Xl-lnk4d may contribute to the development of Xenopuslaevis.
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Figure 1. Predicted amino acid sequence alignments of Ink4d proteins. The predicted amino acid sequences of Ink4d proteins from Xenopus tropicalis, Fugu (Fugu rubrides), mouse (Mus musculus) and human (Homo sapiens) were compared to the two Ink4d proteins of Xenopus laevis. The Xl-Ink4d1 cDNA was isolated from a library made from Xenopus laevis adult spleen, whereas Xl-Ink4d2 was identified by blasting the NCBI database for similar expressed sequences in Xenopus laevis and represents a second allele of Ink4d. Xl-Ink4d1 protein shares 63% amino acid identity with both the human and mouse Ink4d protein. The predicted four ankyrin repeats (green lines) as well as many of the amino acids that make contacts with CDK6 are conserved between mammals and Xenopus (red box = hydrogen bond interaction, blue box = non-polar interaction).
Figure 2. Expression of Xl-Ink4d during Xenopus laevis development. Embryos were staged according Xenopus laevis normal tables of development [27] and RNA was harvested at the indicated stages. (a) Reverse transcription PCR was performed on total RNA from staged embryos to amplify Xl-Ink4d1, cyclin-D1, Cdk4 and ODC transcripts. Trace [α32P]-dCTP was added to the reactions and the PCR products were separated by gel electrophoresis. (b) Relative quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Xl-Ink4d1 mRNA levels was performed using iQ SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad), run and detected using an iCycler thermocycler (Bio-Rad). (c) In situ hybridization (ISH) for Xl-Ink4d1 expression during early embryonic development. Xl-Ink4d1 expression is detected at low levels in the dorsal anterior region of the developing tadpole. Stage 19 (i–iii); (i) dorsal view, (ii) anterior view, (iii) posterior view. Stage 22 (iv–vi); (iv) lateral view, (v) dorsal view, (vi) anterior view. Stage 32 (vii), trunksomites (S), eye (E) and head (H). (d) Immunoblotting of Xl-Ink4d from whole embryo lysates at the indicated stages using a polyclonal antibody directed against the C-terminus of the protein. Embryos microinjected with synthesized Xl-Ink4d1 mRNA were harvested and run as a positive control (+).
Figure 3. Xl-Ink4d is a cyclin D-dependent Cdk4 inhibitor. (a) The indicated GST fusion proteins were expressed in bacteria and purified on glutathione sepharose. The adsorbed sepharose was incubated with in vitro transcribed and translated [35S]-labeled Xenopus Cdk4 (Xl-Cdk4), washed and separated on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. 50% of the input Xl-Cdk4 that was used for pull-downs was run to estimate the percent of starting material that bound to the GST fusion protein (50% input). (b) Cdk4 kinase reactions were run with increasing amounts of purified GST-Xl-Ink4d1 and GST-Mm-Ink4d (mouse Ink4d) fusion proteins. Active mouse Cdk4/cyclinD1 kinase complexes were generated from SF9 cells infected with baculoviruses encoding mouse Cdk4 and cyclin-D1. Kinase assays were performed with [γ-32P]-ATP using purified GST-Rb as substrate. (c) The cell cycle profile of NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts overexpressing vector-alone (black bars), Xenopus Xl-Ink4d1 (dark grey bars) or mouse Mm-Ink4d (light grey bars). NIH-3T3 cells were infected with retroviruses that co-express the indicated Ink4d genes and GFP, and the DNA content of GFP-positive cells was measured by propidium iodide staining and FACS analysis. The percentage of cells in G1/G0, S and G2/M phase is presented. Expression of either Xl-Ink4d1 (* p=0.006) or Mm-Ink4d (** p=0.05) shows a significant decrease in S phase compared to vector alone.
cdkn2d (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2D) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 32, lateral view, anteriorright, dorsal up.
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