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Xenopus has been one of the earliest and most important vertebrate model organisms for investigating the role and structure of basal bodies. Early transmission electron microscopy studies in Xenopus revealed the fine structures of Xenopus basal bodies and their accessory structures. Subsequent investigations using multiciliated cells in the Xenopus epidermis have further revealed many important features regarding the transcriptional regulation of basal body amplification as well as the regulation of basal body/cilia polarity. Future basal body research using Xenopus is expected to focus on the application of modern genome editing techniques (CRISPR/TALEN) to characterize the components of basal body proteins and their molecular functions.
Fig. 1 Multiciliated epithelium of Xenopus. a The punctate pattern of MCCs in the skin of Xenopus embryos with cilia marked with anti-acetylated
tubulin (green) and cell boundaries marked with phalloidin (red). b Single MCC with the basal bodies marked with Centrin4-RFP (red) and the
rootlets marked with GFP-CLAMP (green). c Close-up image of two basal body/rootlet pairs from (b). d TEM image showing the rootlet and the basal
foot in opposite orientation surrounding the basal body. In all images, anterior is to the left and posterior is to the right. The effective stroke of the
ciliary beat is oriented to the posterior
Fig. 2 Vertical cross section of a Xenopus motile cilium. a TEM image of a single cilium with drawing representation of individual structures b AX
axoneme, BB basal body, BF basal foot, C cilium, M mitochondria, R rootlet, TZ transition zone, TF transition fibers, V vesicles. In the figure, anterior is
to the left and posterior is to the right. Image in a was taken with permission from Steinmann 1968
Fig. 3 The time axis showing the first appearance of the various types of basal bodies/cilia at different developmental stages through Xenopus
early development
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