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PeerJ
2016 Jan 01;4:e1659. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1659.
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Unequal contribution of native South African phylogeographic lineages to the invasion of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in Europe.
De Busschere C, Courant J, Herrel A, Rebelo R, Rödder D, Measey GJ, Backeljau T.
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Due to both deliberate and accidental introductions, invasive African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) populations have become established worldwide. In this study, we investigate the geographic origins of invasive X. laevis populations in France and Portugal using the phylogeographic structure of X. laevis in its native South African range. In total, 80 individuals from the whole area known to be invaded in France and Portugal were analysed for two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, allowing a comparison with 185 specimens from the native range. Our results show that native phylogeographic lineages have contributed differently to invasive European X. laevis populations. In Portugal, genetic and historical data suggest a single colonization event involving a small number of individuals from the south-western Cape region in South Africa. In contrast, French invasive X. laevis encompass two distinct native phylogeographic lineages, i.e., one from the south-western Cape region and one from the northern regions of South Africa. The French X. laevis population is the first example of a X. laevis invasion involving multiple lineages. Moreover, the lack of population structure based on nuclear DNA suggests a potential role for admixture within the invasive French population.
Figure 1. Map of the native (A. South Africa) and invaded X. laevis localities (B. Portugal, C. France) surveyed in this study.Abbreviations and colours of sampling localities (circles) refer to geographical regions that are mentioned in methods (see ‘Taxon sampling’). More detailed locality information is provided in Online Resource 1. National and provincial borders of South African Provinces are visualized by solid and dashed lines respectively (A). Rivers and roads are represented by blue and grey lines respectively (B) and (C). Names of main rivers (italic) and towns are shown (B) and (C).
Figure 2. MP and BI inference based on Cytb (A) and 16S alignments (B).Bayesian consensus trees are visualized with Posterior BI bootstrap (B > 0.70) and Parsimony bootstrap values. Parsimony scores (i.e., tree length) of Cytb MP tree and 16S MP tree were 83 and 47 respectively. Geographical regions where alleles have been observed are indicated in grey (abbreviations see Fig. 1 and ‘Methods’).
Figure 3. Result of Principal Co-ordinate analysis of nuclear genetic variation among native (SA1–SA7) and invasive French (FR) and Portuguese (PT) X. laevis populations.PCoA of pairwise Fst values based on allele frequencies in three nuclear loci (n = 180 individuals; Online Resource 5). Abbreviations refer to geographical regions (see Fig. 1).
Figure 4. MJN of nuclear Prmt6 (A), AR (B) and Mastl (C) sequence data from native and invasive X. laevis populations.The sizes of the circles are proportional to allele frequencies. Colours refer to native geographic and invaded regions (see legend). Small black nodes represent unsampled alleles and numbers of mutations are marked by stripes on the connecting branches.
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