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Among different species or cell types, or during early embryonic cell divisions that occur in the absence of cell growth, the size of subcellular structures, including the nucleus, chromosomes, and mitotic spindle, scale with cell size. Maintaining correct subcellular scales is thought to be important for many cellular processes and, in particular, for mitosis. In this review, we provide an update on nuclear and chromosome scaling mechanisms and their significance in metazoans, with a focus on Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus and mammalian systems, for which a common role for the Ran (Ras-related nuclear protein)-dependent nuclear transport system has emerged.
Brown,
Xenopus tropicalis egg extracts provide insight into scaling of the mitotic spindle.
2007, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Brown,
Xenopus tropicalis egg extracts provide insight into scaling of the mitotic spindle.
2007,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Cavazza,
The RanGTP Pathway: From Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Transport to Spindle Assembly and Beyond.
2015,
Pubmed Chang,
Mitotic trigger waves and the spatial coordination of the Xenopus cell cycle.
2013,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Chen,
Spindle Size Scaling Contributes to Robust Silencing of Mitotic Spindle Assembly Checkpoint.
2016,
Pubmed Cowell,
Histone deacetylase inhibition redistributes topoisomerase IIβ from heterochromatin to euchromatin.
2011,
Pubmed Crowder,
A comparative analysis of spindle morphometrics across metazoans.
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Pubmed
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Xenbase Cuylen,
Ki-67 acts as a biological surfactant to disperse mitotic chromosomes.
2016,
Pubmed Dechat,
Nuclear lamins.
2010,
Pubmed Edens,
cPKC regulates interphase nuclear size during Xenopus development.
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Pubmed
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Xenbase Edens,
PKC-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear lamins at a single serine residue regulates interphase nuclear size in Xenopus and mammalian cells.
2017,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Farhadifar,
Scaling, selection, and evolutionary dynamics of the mitotic spindle.
2015,
Pubmed Forbes,
Nuclear transport factors: global regulation of mitosis.
2015,
Pubmed Galli,
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2016,
Pubmed Good,
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2013,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Greenan,
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2010,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Grenfell,
A versatile multivariate image analysis pipeline reveals features of Xenopus extract spindles.
2016,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Hara,
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Pubmed
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Xenbase Hara,
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2015,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Hazel,
Changes in cytoplasmic volume are sufficient to drive spindle scaling.
2013,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Helmke,
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Pubmed
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Xenbase Hudakova,
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2002,
Pubmed Jevtić,
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2015,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Jevtić,
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Pubmed
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Xenbase Jevtić,
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Xenbase Kieserman,
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Pubmed
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Xenbase Kyogoku,
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2017,
Pubmed Ladouceur,
Mitotic chromosome length scales in response to both cell and nuclear size.
2015,
Pubmed Ladouceur,
CENP-A and topoisomerase-II antagonistically affect chromosome length.
2017,
Pubmed Levy,
Nuclear size is regulated by importin α and Ntf2 in Xenopus.
2010,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Lipp,
Aurora B controls the association of condensin I but not condensin II with mitotic chromosomes.
2007,
Pubmed Loughlin,
Katanin contributes to interspecies spindle length scaling in Xenopus.
2011,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Maddox,
"Holo"er than thou: chromosome segregation and kinetochore function in C. elegans.
2004,
Pubmed Maresca,
Histone H1 is essential for mitotic chromosome architecture and segregation in Xenopus laevis egg extracts.
2005,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Mitchison,
Roles of polymerization dynamics, opposed motors, and a tensile element in governing the length of Xenopus extract meiotic spindles.
2005,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Mitchison,
Size Scaling of Microtubule Assemblies in Early Xenopus Embryos.
2015,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Mora-Bermúdez,
Maximal chromosome compaction occurs by axial shortening in anaphase and depends on Aurora kinase.
2007,
Pubmed Mukhopadhyay,
The SUMO Pathway in Mitosis.
2017,
Pubmed Oh,
Spatial organization of the Ran pathway by microtubules in mitosis.
2016,
Pubmed Ou,
ChromEMT: Visualizing 3D chromatin structure and compaction in interphase and mitotic cells.
2017,
Pubmed Piskadlo,
Metaphase chromosome structure is dynamically maintained by condensin I-directed DNA (de)catenation.
2017,
Pubmed Reber,
Intracellular Scaling Mechanisms.
2015,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Samwer,
DNA Cross-Bridging Shapes a Single Nucleus from a Set of Mitotic Chromosomes.
2017,
Pubmed Schubert,
There is an upper limit of chromosome size for normal development of an organism.
1997,
Pubmed Shintomi,
The relative ratio of condensin I to II determines chromosome shapes.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Shintomi,
Mitotic chromosome assembly despite nucleosome depletion in Xenopus egg extracts.
2017,
Pubmed
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Xenbase Smith,
Nuclear envelope structural proteins facilitate nuclear shape changes accompanying embryonic differentiation and fidelity of gene expression.
2017,
Pubmed Stephens,
Chromatin and lamin A determine two different mechanical response regimes of the cell nucleus.
2017,
Pubmed Uppaluri,
Hierarchical Size Scaling during Multicellular Growth and Development.
2016,
Pubmed Vuković,
New Insights into Mechanisms and Functions of Nuclear Size Regulation.
2016,
Pubmed Vuković,
Nuclear size is sensitive to NTF2 protein levels in a manner dependent on Ran binding.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase Wilbur,
Mitotic spindle scaling during Xenopus development by kif2a and importin α.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
