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Molecules
2019 Jan 18;242:. doi: 10.3390/molecules24020347.
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Peptides for Skin Protection and Healing in Amphibians.
Demori I, Rashed ZE, Corradino V, Catalano A, Rovegno L, Queirolo L, Salvidio S, Biggi E, Zanotti-Russo M, Canesi L, Catenazzi A, Grasselli E.
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Amphibian skin is not to be considered a mere tegument; it has a multitude of functions related to respiration, osmoregulation, and thermoregulation, thus allowing the individuals to survive and thrive in the terrestrial environment. Moreover, amphibian skin secretions are enriched with several peptides, which defend the skin from environmental and pathogenic insults and exert many other biological effects. In this work, the beneficial effects of amphibian skin peptides are reviewed, in particular their role in speeding up wound healing and in protection from oxidative stress and UV irradiation. A better understanding of why some species seem to resist several environmental insults can help to limit the ongoing amphibian decline through the development of appropriate strategies, particularly against pathologies such as viral and fungal infections.
Figure 1. Amphibian skin anatomy. Amphibian epidermis is composed of the stratum corneum (only one layer of keratinized cells) followed by a regenerative basal layer, the stratum germinativum. These two layers are separated by irregular intracellular spaces that are interrupted by desmosomes. The stratum germinativum is usually 4–8 cell thick, with a progressive changing of shape from columnar to shorter from the innermost layer to the outermost. Collagen fibers reach basal membrane and separate epidermis from dermis. The latter is formed by stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum. In the stratum spongiosum, granular and mucous glands are present. Chromatophores, responsible of multi-colored amphibian skin, are also present in the dermis.
Figure 2. Summary of the biological activities of amphibian skin peptides (Modified from [9]).
Figure 3. Wound healing process. Wound healing is a complex process encompassing a number of overlapping phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. See the text for further explanation (Modified from [15]).
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