Lemonnier T, Daldello EM, Poulhe R, Le T, Miot M, Lignières L, Jessus C, Dupré A.

             prophase

	Fig. 1: S109-phosphatase is active, OA-sensitive and counterbalanced by PKA in prophase extracts. a–d Extracts from prophase oocytes were supplemented or not with either ATP or hexokinase and glucose (HK), in the presence or not of phosphocreatine (pC). Extracts were then incubated or not with PKI and either pS109-GST-Arpp19 (pS: phosphorylated substrate) (a–b) or GST-Arpp19 (npS: non-phosphorylated substrate) (c–d). S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 (pS109) and total GST-Arpp19 (gstArpp19) were analyzed by western blot with phospho-S109-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. S109-phosphatase activity: one representative experiment (a) and quantifications of S109 phosphorylation from 3 independent experiments (b). S109-kinase activity: one representative experiment (c) and quantifications of S109 phosphorylation from 3 independent experiments (d). e–f Prophase extracts were incubated or not with 1 μM or 10 μM okadaic acid (OA), supplemented or not with PKI and further incubated with pS109-GST-Arpp19 (pS) in the presence of ATP. S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 (pS109) and total GST-Arpp19 (gstArpp19) were analyzed as in panel (a). One representative experiment and quantifications of S109 phosphorylation from 5 independent experiments are presented in (e) and (f) respectively. For quantifications, data are shown as mean (red bars) ± SEM. Each dot represents one experiment. arb. units: arbitrary units. kDa: kiloDalton. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
	Fig. 2: Ammonium sulfate precipitation separates S109-phosphatase from PKA, PP1 and PP5.a Western blot analysis of various S/T phosphatases sensitive to OA in lysates from prophase (Pro) or metaphase II (MII) oocytes using specific antibodies directed against catalytic subunits of PP1, PP2A (PP2A-C), PP4, PP5, PP6, and PP2A-regulatory subunit A (PP2A-A), B55δδ, and B56ε. The experiment was repeated 3 times with similar results. b–e Prophase extracts supplemented or not with PKI were precipitated by serial addition of ammonium sulfate (AS) as indicated. (–): Starting extracts without AS. Pellets were recovered and used for enzymatic assays and western blots with phospho-S109-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. S109-phosphatase activity was assayed using pS109-GST-Arpp19 (pS: phosphorylated substrate): one representative experiment (b) and quantifications of S109 phosphorylation from 3 independent experiments (c). d–e PKA activity was assayed using GST-Arpp19 (npS: non-phosphorylated substrate): one representative experiment (d) and quantifications of S109 phosphorylation from 3 independent experiments (e). For quantifications, data are presented as mean (red bars) ± SEM. Each dot represents one experiment. arb. units: arbitrary units. f Western blot analysis of initial extracts (–) and AS precipitates using specific antibodies directed against catalytic subunits of PP1, PP2A (PP2A-C), PP4, PP5, PP6, PKA, and against PP2A scaffold subunit A (PP2A-A) and PKI. The experiment was repeated 3 times with similar results. kDa: kiloDalton. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
	Fig. 3: Biochemical isolation of S109-phosphatase from prophase extracts - Analysis of the output fractions of Uno Q and Mono Q columns. a Protocol of S109-phosphatase biochemical isolation. 20,000 prophase oocytes were lysed, centrifuged and fractionated by 4 successive steps of chromatography: two anion exchange columns (Uno Q and Mono Q), one hydrophobic column (Phenyl-Superose) and one size exclusion column (Superose 12). PKI-supplemented extracts from prophase oocytes were fractionated by Uno Q (b) and then Mono Q (c). S109-phosphatase activity was assayed in each fraction using pS109-GST-Arpp19 as a substrate (pS: phosphorylated substrate). S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 (pS109) and total GST-Arpp19 (gstArpp19) were analyzed by western blot using respectively phospho-S109-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. Fractions were western blotted with antibodies against the catalytic subunits of PP1, PP2A (PP2A-C), PP4, PP5 and PP6, PP2A scaffold subunit A (PP2A-A) and PP2A regulatory subunits B55δ and B56ε. *: non-specific protein recognized by the anti-B56ε antibody. “C”: control extracts before PKI addition. “In”: input sample supplemented with PKI and loaded on the column. “FT”: flow-through. arb. units: arbitrary units. b Uno Q. FT and elution profile (fractions 1–3) of S109-phosphatase activity after Uno Q column and western blot analysis of fractions 1 to 6 of FT. (c) Mono Q. Fractions 2 to 5 of the Uno Q column FT (see b) were pooled and loaded on the column. Elution profile of S109-phosphatase activity after Mono Q column and western blot analysis of fractions 1 to 13. kDa: kiloDalton. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
	Fig. 4: Biochemical isolation of S109-phosphatase from prophase extracts—Separation of fraction 5 from the Mono Q column with Phenyl-Superose and Superose 12 columns. Continuation of experiment illustrated in Fig. 3. “pS”: phosphorylated pS109-GST-Arpp19 substrate. “In”: input sample loaded on the column. kDa: kiloDalton. arb. units: arbitrary units. a Phenyl-Superose. Fraction 5 from the Mono Q column (see Fig. 3c) was loaded on the column. Elution profile of S109-phosphatase activity after Phenyl-Superose column and western blot analysis of fractions 3–15 with antibodies directed against catalytic subunits of PP2A (PP2A-C) and PP4, PP2A scaffold subunit A (PP2A-A) and PP2A regulatory subunit B55δ. b Superose 12. Fraction 11 from the Phenyl-Superose column (see a) was loaded on the column. Elution profile of S109-phosphatase activity after Superose 12 column and western blot analysis of fractions 2–13 with antibodies directed against PP2A scaffold subunit (PP2A-A), PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2A-C) and PP2A regulatory subunit B55δ. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
	Fig. 5: Biochemical isolation of S109-phosphatase from prophase oocyte extracts - Separation of fractions 7 and 8 from the Mono Q column with Phenyl-Superose and Superose 12 columns. Continuation of experiment illustrated in Fig. 3. “pS”: phosphorylated pS109-GST-Arpp19 substrate. “In”: input sample loaded on the column. kDa: kiloDalton. arb. units: arbitrary units. a Phenyl-Superose. Fractions 7 and 8 from the Mono Q column (see Fig. 3c) were pooled and loaded on the column. Elution profile of S109-phosphatase activity after Phenyl-Superose column and western blot analysis of fractions 1–14 with antibodies directed against the catalytic subunits of PP1, PP2A (PP2A-C), PP4, PP5, and PP6, PP2A scaffold subunit (PP2A-A) and PP2A regulatory subunits B55δ and B56ε. b Superose 12. Fraction 10 and 11 from the Phenyl-Superose column (see a) were pooled and loaded on the column. Elution profile of S109-phosphatase activity after Superose 12 column and western blot analysis of fractions 3–14 with antibodies directed against the catalytic subunits of PP2A (PP2A-C) and PP5, PP2A scaffold subunit (PP2A-A) and PP2A regulatory subunits B55δ and B56ε. *non-specific protein recognized by the anti-PP5 antibody. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
	Fig. 6: In contrast to PP1, purified PP2A-B55δ dephosphorylates Arpp19 at both S109 and S67. a Co-beads were incubated with extracts of prophase oocytes injected or not with mRNAs coding either His-PP1 or His-B55δ and then analyzed by western blot using an anti-Histidine antibody. The experiment was repeated 5 times with similar results. b–c S67-phosphatase activity of either PP1 or PP2A-B55δ coupled to Co-beads using pS67-S109A-GST-Arpp19 as a substrate. S67 phosphorylation of S109A-GST-Arpp19 (pS67) and total GST-S109A-Arpp19 (gstArpp19) were western blotted using respectively phospho-S67-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. Time course of one representative experiment (b) and quantified rate of S67 dephosphorylation from 3 independent experiments (c). d–e S109-phosphatase activity of either PP1 or PP2A-B55δ coupled to Co-beads using pS109-GST-Arpp19 as a substrate. S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 (pS109) and total GST-Arpp19 (gstArpp19) were western blotted using respectively phospho-S109-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. Time course of one representative experiment (d) and quantified rate of S109 dephosphorylation from 5 independent experiments (c). For quantifications, data are shown as mean (red bars) ± SEM. Each dot represents one experiment. kDa: kiloDalton. arb. units: arbitrary units. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
	Fig. 7: Depletion of PP2A-B55gamma impairs Arpp19 dephosphorylation at S109 in prophase extracts. Prophase extracts were incubated with GST-Arpp19 phosphorylated at both S67 and S109 (pS67-pS109-GST-Arpp19) in the absence of ATP. S109-phosphatase (a–b) and S67-phosphatase activities (c–d) were assayed by western blot using phospho-S109-Arpp19, phospho-S67-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. a, c Representative time course experiments. b, d Quantifications of 8 time-course independent experiments. Each experiment is represented by a gray curve (Single exp.), and the mean of the 8 replicates by the black curve. arb. units: arbitrary units. e–f Prophase extracts were incubated or not with microcystin-beads (μC). After beads removal, control (–) or microcystin-depleted prophase extracts (ΔμC) were supplemented or not with PKI and assayed for S109-phosphatase activity using pS109-GST-Arpp19 as a substrate (pS: phosphorylated substrate). S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 (pS109) and total GST-Arpp19 (gstArpp19) were western blotted using respectively phospho-S109-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. One representative experiment (e) and quantifications of S109 phosphorylation from 3 independent experiments (f). g–h Prophase extracts were incubated with GSH-beads coupled or not with GST-Arpp19 thiophosphorylated at S67 (tpS67) in the absence of ATP. After beads removal, control (–) or tpS67-depleted prophase extracts (ΔtpS67) were assayed for S109-phosphatase activity using pS109-GST-Arpp19 as a substrate. S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 (pS109) and total GST-Arpp19 (gstArpp19) were western blotted using respectively phospho-S109-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. One representative time-course experiment (g) and quantified rate of S109 dephosphorylation from 3 independent experiments (h). For quantifications in (f) and (h), data are shown as mean (red bars) ± SEM. Each dot represents one experiment. kDa: kiloDalton. arb. units: arbitrary units. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
	Fig. 8: Inhibition of PP2A-B55δ prevents Arpp19 dephosphorylation at S109 in intact oocytes. a Prophase oocytes (Pro) were injected with Cter-GST-Arpp19 (gstCter) and then stimulated with progesterone (Pg) or injected with either PKI or okadaic acid (OA) (time zero). Oocytes were collected at the indicated times and Cter-GST-Arpp19 was isolated by pull-down. S109 phosphorylation of Cter-GST-Arpp19 (pS109) and total Cter-GST-Arpp19 (gstCter) were western blotted using respectively phospho-S109-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. b S109 phosphorylation of the experiment illustrated in (a) was quantified. c–e Prophase oocytes were injected or not with S109A-GST-Arpp19 thiophosphorylated at S67 (S109A-tpS67-Arpp19) and then stimulated or not with progesterone (Pg). c GVBD time-course. d Same experiment as (c). Oocytes were collected in prophase (Pro) or at the indicated times after Pg addition and western blotted for S109-phosphorylated endogenous Arpp19 (pS109), total endogenous Arpp19, phosphorylated MAPK (pMAPK) and total MAPK. (e) Quantification of S109 phosphorylation of endogenous Arpp19 from the experiment illustrated in (d). kDa: kiloDalton. arb. units: arbitrary units. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
	Fig. 9: Level of PP2A-B55δ activity in intact oocytes. a Prophase oocytes (Pro) were injected or not with p21Cip1 (Cip) and then stimulated with progesterone (Pg). GVBD occurred at 200 min in control oocytes and was prevented by Cip injection. Oocytes were collected at the indicated times after Pg addition and western blotted with antibodies against S109-phosphorylated Arpp19 (pS109), total Arpp19, phosphorylated MAPK (pMAPK) and total MAPK. b S109 phosphorylation of the experiment illustrated in (a) was quantified. c Extracts from either prophase oocytes (–Pg) or oocytes stimulated for 1 h with progesterone (+Pg) were supplemented or not with 10 μM okadaic acid (OA) in the absence of ATP. The activity of S109-phosphatase was assayed at the indicated times, using pS109-GST-Arpp19 as a substrate. S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 (pS109) and total GST-Arpp19 (gstArpp19) were western blotted using respectively phospho-S109-Arpp19 and GST antibodies. d Quantification of S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 from the representative experiment illustrated in (c). e Quantification of S109 phosphorylation of GST-Arpp19 from 7 independent time-course experiments. S109-phosphatase activity was assayed and quantified as in (c–d). Four experiments were performed with or without OA and 3 experiments without OA. For each condition, data are shown as mean (red bars) ± SEM. f Quantified rates of S109 dephosphorylation from the 7 independent experiments, described in (e). Four experiments were performed with or without OA and 3 experiments without OA. Data are shown as mean (red bars) ±  SEM. Each dot represents one experiment. P values were obtained by a two-tailed paired Student t test. P > 0.05: non-significant (ns). kDa: kiloDalton. arb. units: arbitrary units. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Full size image
	Fig. 10: A reciprocal regulation of PP2A-B55δ and Arpp19 orchestrates the timing of the first meiotic division. Prophase arrest (left box): both PP2A-B55δ and PKA are active, resulting in Arpp19 phosphorylation at S109. S109-phosphorylated Arpp19 locks the oocyte in prophase by an unknown mechanism, PKA contributes to this arrest through Arpp19 phosphorylation and possibly other substrates, PP2A-B55δ prevents Cdk1 activation. Transduction pathway (middle box): in response to progesterone, PKA is inhibited while PP2A-B55δ stays active, allowing Arpp19 dephosphorylation. Dephosphorylated Arpp19, possibly together with other dephosphorylated PKA substrates, launches a several hours long transduction pathway. Active PP2A-B55δ prevents Cdk1 activation, generating the time window necessary to set up the cascade of molecular events required for Cdk1 activation. M-phase entry (right box): Gwl is activated by a Cdk1 activity threshold and phosphorylates Arpp19 at S67 Hence, PP2A-B55δ is inhibited and Cdk1 fully activated. This hysteretic switch triggers M-phase entry.

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